The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

Christopher Marlowe, 1564 – 1593

Come live with me and be my love,
And we will all the pleasures prove
That valleys, groves, hills, and fields,
Woods, or steepy mountain yields.

And we will sit upon the rocks, 
Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks, 
By shallow rivers to whose falls 
Melodious birds sing madrigals.

And I will make thee beds of roses
And a thousand fragrant posies, 
A cap of flowers, and a kirtle
Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle;

A gown made of the finest wool
Which from our pretty lambs we pull;
Fair lined slippers for the cold, 
With buckles of the purest gold;

A belt of straw and ivy buds,
With coral clasps and amber studs:
And if these pleasures may thee move,
Come live with me, and be my love.

The shepherds’ swains shall dance and sing
For thy delight each May morning:
If these delights thy mind may move,
Then live with me and be my love.

Poetry

As You Came from the Holy Land 

BY SIR WALTER RALEGH

As you came from the holy land

Of Walsingham,

Met you not with my true love

By the way as you came?

“How shall I know your true love,

That have met many one,

I went to the holy land,

That have come, that have gone?”

She is neither white, nor brown,

But as the heavens fair;

There is none hath a form so divine

In the earth, or the air.

“Such a one did I meet, good sir,

Such an angelic face,

Who like a queen, like a nymph, did appear

By her gait, by her grace.”

She hath left me here all alone,

All alone, as unknown,

Who sometimes did me lead with herself,

And me loved as her own.

“What’s the cause that she leaves you alone,

And a new way doth take,

Who loved you once as her own,

And her joy did you make?”

I have lov’d her all my youth;

But now old, as you see,

Love likes not the falling fruit

From the withered tree.

Know that Love is a careless child,

And forgets promise past;

He is blind, he is deaf when he list,

And in faith never fast.

His desire is a dureless content,

And a trustless joy:

He is won with a world of despair,

And is lost with a toy.

Of womenkind such indeed is the love,

Or the word love abus’d,

Under which many childish desires

And conceits are excus’d.

But true love is a durable fire,

In the mind ever burning,

Never sick, never old, never dead,

From itself never turning.

Note to students…

I might probably post here the “best” poems that you will be submitting. I’ll just keep you posted!

LITERATURE

LITERATURE

-it is an expression of life in words, in truth, and in beauty

-it is the history of human soul

-it is a written record of man’s spirit

IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE

1. It expresses our emotions, beliefs and aspiration, and sentiments.
2. It informs, entertains and teaches a lesson.
3. It reflects philosophies of life.
4. It allows one to discover himself and grow through the exposure to the beliefs, attitudes, values, customs and culture of different people of the world.
5. It enables the reader to appreciate literature masterpieces and value the meaning of life.
6. It allows us to understand literary trends and techniques in literature.
7. It gives the distinctive qualities of literary works and ideas, peculiar to a certain group of people on nation.
8. It makes us realize the universality of events in human life which we need to understand and accept.
9. It enables students to understand values of other peoples of the world.
10. It also enhances vocabulary.

THEORIES OF LITERATURE

1. It is INITIATIVE -it is believed that writers follow the examples of other author before they arrive to their own original works

2. It is REPRESENTATIVE -any literary work is a substitute for reality

3. It is APPRECIATIVE -literature gives us a wider picture of life

4. It is SYMBOLIC -scattered in different meanings; writers make use of symbols

QUALITIES or STANDARDS OF LITERATURE

1. ARTISTRY – sense of beauty
2. INTELLECTUAL VALUE – stimulates thought
3. SUGGESTIVENESS – evokes the emotional value
4. SPIRITUAL VALUE – spiritual appeal
5. PERMANENCE – great works of literature endures
6. UNIVERSALITY – timeless and timely
7. STYLE – way in which the writer sees life

CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE ACCORDING TO PERIOD

1. CLASSICAL LITERATURE
   1. satires
   2. didoticism: teaching the truth as the author sees it
   3. adheres to the rules of the ancient

2. ROMANTIC LITERATURE
   1. intuition: natural feelings
   2. idealizes country life
   3. medieval
   4. emphasis on rebellion and revolution (conquering)
   5. emphasis on introspection

3. REALISTIC LITERATURE
   1. ultimate middle-class art
   2. main character is the focus of the literatures
   3. gives an overall impression of truth and verity
   4. tends toward the ugly or “sordid” as “true to life”

DIVISION OF LITERATURE

1. PROSE – a literary composition in sentence form having no regular rhyme and is divided into paragraphs
   1. Prose is generally concerned with the presentation of an idea, concept or point of view in a more ordinary and leisurely manner.

2. POETRY – a literary composition in verse form having a regular rhyme, rhythm and meter and divided into stanzas
   1. Poetry expresses strong emotion of lofty thought in a compressed and intense utterances. *The main purpose of poetry is to provide pleasure and delight.
   2. Poetry appeals to emotion and imagination. Poetry may or may not use rhyme.

Purpose of Prose & Poetry:

1. To furnish information, instruction or enlightenment
2. Both instruction and pleasure would be found in prose & poetry
3. Both can stir the emotion as well as the intellect
4. Both can convey information as well as pleasure

*PROSE POETRY- a form of prose with marked cadence [or rhythm] and frequently with extensive use of figurative language and imagery

FORMS OF POETRY

1. LYRIC POETRY
   1. Simple Lyric Poetry – expresses the ardent [or passionate] feeling or emotion of the writer or poet in a particular subject
   2. Song – originated from religious traditions [like hymns, responses, psalm, etc.]

   Salve, Regina, mater misericordiae: Vita, dulcedo, et spes nostra, salve. Ad te clamamus, exsules, filii Hevae. Ad te suspiramus, gementes et flentes in hac lacrimarum valle. Eia ergo, Advocata nostra, illos tuos misericordes oculos ad nos converte. Et Iesum, benedictum fructum ventris tui, nobis, post hoc exsilium ostende. O clemens: O pia: O dulcis Virgo Maria.

2. Sonnet – is fundamentally a dialectical construct which allows the poet to examine the nature and ramifications of two usually contrastive ideas, emotions, states of mind, beliefs, actions, events, images, etc., by juxtaposing the two against each other, and possibly resolving or just revealing the tensions created and operative between the two. The term sonnet originates from the Italian language, meaning little sound or song. Taking from this meaning, the sonnet is a modest 14-line lyrical poem, typically written in iambic pentameter with a defined rhyme scheme. Another tenet of the sonnet is that it express a single theme or sentiment, often fully developed in the last couple of lines.
   1. The Petrarchan Sonnet consists of 14-lines that are divided into two parts, the first consisting of eight lines (octave) with the rhyme scheme: abba abba, and the second part consisting of six lines (sestet) with the rhyme scheme: cde cde (though there are variations, including: cdcdcd). The most important requisite for the Petrarchan Sonnet is the absence of the closing couplet.

Ex: Visions by Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)

Being one day at my window all alone,

So manie strange things happened me to see,
As much as it grieveth me to thinke thereon.
At my right hand a hynde appear’d to mee,
So faire as mote the greatest god delite;
Two eager dogs did her pursue in chace.
Of which the one was blacke, the other white:
With deadly force so in their cruell race

They pincht the haunches of that gentle beast,

That at the last, and in short time, I spide,
Under a rocke, where she alas, opprest,
Fell to the ground, and there untimely dide.
Cruell death vanquishing so noble beautie
Oft makes me wayle so hard a desire.

(Trans. Edmund Spenser)

ii. The Shakespearean Sonnet consists of 14-lines that are divided into three four-line sections (each called a                            quatrain), and a concluding section of just two lines: a rhyming or closed couplet. Each quatrain has an                                  alternating rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, and efef. The final rhyming couplet has the rhyme scheme: gg.

Ex: Sonnets by William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

From fairest creatures we desire increase,

That thereby beauty’s rose might never die.
But as the riper should by time decease,
His tender heir might bear his memory:
But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,
Feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel,
Making a famine where abundance lies,
Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel.
Thou that art now the world’s fresh ornament
And only herald to the gaudy spring,
Within thine own bud buriest thy content
And, tender churl, mak’st waste in niggarding.
Pity the world, or else this glutton be,
To eat the world’s due, by the grave and thee.

iii. Spencerian Sonnet – The first poet known to modify Petarch’s form, Sir Edmund Spenser kept the structure but introduced an abab-bcbc-cdcd-ee rhyme scheme.

Ex: Amoretti
Edmund Spenser (c. 1552-1599)

What guile is this, that those her golden tresses

She doth attire under a net of gold;
And with sly skill so cunningly them dresses,
That which is gold or hair, may scarce be told?
Is it that men’s frail eyes, which gaze too bold,
She may entangle in that golden snare;
And being caught may craftily enfold
Their weaker hearts, which are not yet well aware?
Take heed therefore, mine eyes, how ye do stare
Henceforth too rashly on that guileful net,
In which if ever ye entrapped are,
Out of her bands ye by no means shall get.
Folly it were for any being free,
To covet fetters, though they golden be.

Conditionals

1. CONDITIONALS
   1. Kinds of Conditionals
      1. Zero “0” Conditional
         • With zero conditional we express a general truth or we give advice.
           • If you don’t water flowers, they die.
           • If you have a headache, stop watching TV.
2. First “1” Conditional

• The first conditional refers to the present and future.
• It expresses a possible condition and its probable result in the future.
  • If the weather is nice, we will go for a walk.
  • If you don’t apologize, she will never trust you again.

3. Second “2” Conditional
   • The second conditional refers to the present and future.
   • It expresses an unreal situation and its probable result.
   • The situation or condition is improbable, impossible, imaginary, or contrary to known facts.
     • Jack wants to buy a house but he can’t do this because he doesn’t have any money. (Sentence: If I had a lot of money, I would buy a big house.)
     • Susan wants to phone Paul but she can’t do this because she doesn’t know his number. (Sentence: If I knew his number, I would phone)

* THE DIFFERENCE: FIRST and SECOND CONDITIONAL

• Both conditionals refer to the present and future. The difference is about probability, not time.
  • First conditional: real and possible situations
  • Second conditional: unlikely to happen

4. Third “3” Conditional
   • The third conditional refers to the past and it is not based on facts. It expresses a situation which is contrary to reality in the past.
     • Jack wanted to buy a house last year but he couldn’t do that because he didn’t have any money. (Sentence: If I had had a lot of money, I would have bought a big house.)
     • Yesterday, Susan wanted to phone Paul but she couldn’t do that because she didn’t know his number. (Sentence: If I had known his number, I would have phoned)

* THE DIFFERENCE: SECOND and THIRD CONDITIONAL

• The difference is about time.
  • Second conditional: refers to the present and future

Third conditional: refers to the past situations

Adverb

• ADVERBS – modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb
• Kinds of Adverb
  1. Adverb of Time
     • It describes when an action is done.
     • Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “when?”.
     • Examples:
       • The train has already
       • I’m going to my new school tomorrow.
       • We shall now begin to work.
       • He called here a few minutes ago.
       • I have spoken to him yesterday.
       • He comes here

2. Adverb of Manner
   • It describes in which manner an action is done.
   • Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe the way people do things.
   • Examples:
     • The plane landed safely.
     • Mike plays guitar skilfully.
     • They watched
     • The flower was beautifully made up
     • She seemed
     • The team played

3. Adverb of Frequency
   • It shows how many times an action is done.
   • Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “how often an action is done”
   • Examples:
     • The children always go to school on the bus.
     • I’ll never make that mistake again .
     • I clean my bedroom every day.
     • Dad polishes his shoes twice a week.

4. Adverb of Place
   • It describes where an action is done.
   • Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “where?”.
   • Examples:
     • The boys are playing upstairs.
     • It’s very sunny but cold outside.
     • The boys are playing upstairs.
     • It’s very sunny but cold outside.

5. Adverb of Reason/Purpose
   • It describes the purpose or reason for the action.
   • Examples:
     • He is hence unable to refute the charge.
     • He therefore left school.

6. Adverb of Quantity/Degree
   • It shows how much or in what degree or to what extent.
   • Examples:
     • He was too careless.
     • The sea is very stormy.
     • I am rather busy.
     • I am fully prepared.
     • These mangos are almost ripe.

7. Adverb of Affirmation/Negation
   • Which says yes if it is yes and no if it is no.
   • Examples:
     • I don’t know.
     • Surely you are mistaken.
     • He certainly went.

Drama

1. Drama – A drama is a story enacted onstage for a live audience. The word drama comes from the Greek verb dran, which means “to do.” The earliest known plays were written around the fifth century B.C., and were produced for festivals to honor Dionysus, the god of wine and festivities.
   1. Two Types of Drama
      1. Tragedy – shows the downfall or death of a tragic hero, or main character. In ancient Greek plays, the hero was a good person brought down by a tragic flaw, or defect in character. In a modern play, the hero can be a normal person destroyed by an evil in society.
      2. Comedy – often shows a conflict between opposite age groups, genders, or personality types. Typical comedies involve confusion, jokes, and a happy ending.

1. Writing a Play
   1. Playwright – author of a play
   2. Script – Play in written form
   3. Script Lines
      • Dialogue – conversations of characters on stage
      • Monologue – long speech delivered by one character onstage to others
      • Soliloquy – speech by a character alone on stage to himself/herself or to the audience
      • Aside – remarks made by one character or to the audience; other characters cannot hear an aside

1. Elements of Drama
   1. CAST (characters) – Actors make the characters come alive through speech (dialogue) and action (stage directions).
   2. SETTING (Stage)
      • Thrust stage
      • Round stage
      • Proscenium Stage
   3. SET – Sets are the scenery, backdrops, and furniture that create the setting. A production may have different sets for different scenes.
   4. PROPS – Props are things like books, telephones, dishes, and other items that actors use onstage during the performance to support the action.
   5. COSTUME & MAKE-UP – transforms a bare actor into the character he/she portrays
   6. MUSIC AND LIGHTS – The technical staff uses lights and sounds to change the mood and appearance of the set
   7. AUDIENCE – the audience needs to experience the performance, understand the story, and respond to the characters

1. CHAMBER THEATER – is a method of staging prose fiction, retaining the text but locating the scenes onstage. The uniqueness of chamber theater lies in the dual role of each member in the cast: as an actor or actress and as a narrator.
   1. Characteristics of a Good Chamber Theater
      1. A good plot
      2. Clearly defined characterization
      3. Enough dialogue
      4. Scenes easy to portray
   2. Steps to follow when you plan a stage a chamber theater:
      1. Choose the selection
      2. Read the story & understand storyline
      3. Choose the cast
      4. Rehearse by reading the lines assigned
      5. Master the lines
      6. Discuss sets, props, costume, lights & sound effects
      7. Rehearse, rehearse and rehearse!

Final Journal Entry

After reading the book you were assigned for the quarter, you must write your final journal entry on a long bond paper due on August 13.

Be guided by the following questions

• What is the title of the book?
• Who is the author?
• What is the genre?
• Who are the Characters?
• What is the setting?
• Describe the plot.
• Why did you choose to read the book?
• What is your favorite or least favorite part of the story?
• Which among the characters can you relate with? Why?
• What was the cause of the downfall of the hero/main character in the story?
• What did you feel before, during and after reading the story?
• Is it worthwhile reading it?
• To whom will you recommend the book?

The Seven Ages of Man by William Shakespeare

“All the world’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms;
And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress’ eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon’s mouth. And then the justice,

In fair round belly with good capon lin’d,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper’d pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;
His youthful hose, well sav’d, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion;
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.”

Structures of English

SENTENCE

• is a group of word that expresses a complete thought or meaning.
• starts with a Capital letter and end with an end punctuation like period(.), question mark(?), or exclamation point(!).
• should ALWAYS have a subject and a predicate.

SUBJECT

• is a noun/pronoun that is being talked about in the sentence.
• can be found in the beginning, middle or end of a sentence.

PREDICATE

• is a group of words that describes or gives additional information about the subject.
• should always contain the verb.
  

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